Here we have provided you with Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Notes Free – Minerals And Energy Resources that you can follow up on to score good marks in your CBSE board examination. These notes are based on the new updated NCERT book.
Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Notes – Minerals And Energy Resources
What is a Mineral?
A mineral is a naturally occurring, homogeneous substance with a definable internal structure. Minerals exist in various forms, from the hardest diamond to the softest talc. Rocks are composed of combinations of these homogeneous substances called minerals.
✌Rocks are combinations or aggregates of minerals in varying proportions. Some rocks consist of a single mineral, e.g., limestone while most rocks contain several minerals.
🌟The term ‘ore’ is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements
Occurrence Of Minerals
- Veins and lodes: In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, faults, or joints by getting solidified in them. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger lodes, e.g., metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc lead, etc. are found in lodes and veins.
- In sedimentary rocks minerals occur in beds or layers. They are formed as a result of deposition, accumulation, and concentration in horizontal strata. Some sedimentary minerals are formed as a result of evaporation, especially in arid regions, e.g., gypsum, potash, and salt.
- Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks and the removal of soluble contents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way.
- Placer deposits: Certain minerals occur as alluvial deposits in the sands of valley floors and the base of hills, e.g., gold, silver, tin, and platinum. These are called placer deposits and contain minerals that are not corroded by water.
- Ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals, e.g., common salt, magnesium, and bromide are largely derived from the ocean waters. The ocean beds are rich in manganese nodules.
Classification Of Minerals
Ferrous Minerals
Ferrous minerals represent approximately three-fourths of the overall value generated from metallic mineral production. India is rich in iron ore resources, primarily consisting of magnetite and hematite.
🌟The key iron ore belts in India include:
- Odisha-Jharkhand belt
- Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
- Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt
- Maharashtra-Goa belt
🌟Magnese: Manganese is primarily utilized in the production of steel and ferro-manganese alloys. Approximately 10 kg of manganese is needed to produce one tonne of steel. Additionally, it plays a role in the manufacturing of bleaching powder, insecticides, and paints.
Describe any three characteristics of the drug-Bastar-Chandrapur iron belt in India Class 10
Any three characteristics of the drug – Baster-Chandrapur iron belt in India are-
- Location: The Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur iron-ore belt is located in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra.
- Quality of Ore: This region is known for its high-grade hematite ores, particularly in the Bailadila range of hills in Bastar district, Chhattisgarh.
- Export: The iron ore extracted from this belt is transported to countries like Japan and South Korea through the Vishakhapatnam port.
Non-Ferrous Minerals
Non-ferrous minerals encompass copper, bauxite, lead, zinc, and gold. These minerals are essential in various metallurgical, engineering, and electrical sectors, contributing significantly to technological advancements and industrial applications.
🌟Copper:
- Malleable and ductile metal.
- Excellent conductivity of heat and electricity.
- Primary uses: electrical cables, electronic devices, chemical processes.
- Key producers in India:
- Balaghat mines, Madhya Pradesh.
- Khetri mines, Rajasthan.
- Singhbhum district, Jharkhand.
🌟Bauxite:
- Formed through weathering and decomposition of aluminum silicate-rich rocks.
- Primary source of aluminum production.
- Aluminum characteristics: excellent conductivity, remarkable malleability.
- Major deposits in India:
- Amarkantak plateau.
- Maikal hills.
- Bilaspur-Katni plateau area.
Non-Metallic Minerals
- Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It can be clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown.
- Mica is the most indispensable mineral used in the electric and electronic industries.
- It has excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties, and resistance to high voltage.
- Mica deposits are found on the northern edge of the Chota Nagpur plateau.
Rock Minerals
- Limestone is found in rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates.
- It is the basic raw material for the cement industry and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.
Conservation OF Minerals
Minerals are classified as non-renewable resources, requiring thousands of years for their formation and concentration. Ongoing mining and extraction activities can result in significant depletion of these valuable resources. Therefore, it is crucial to implement appropriate measures to ensure that mineral resources are utilized responsibly and sustainably.
Conventional Sources of Energy
🌟Coal:
- It is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.
- It is used for power generation, to supply energy to the industry as well as for domestic needs.
- Lignite is a low-grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content.
- Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures is bituminous.
- Anthracite is the highest quality of hard coal.
- Jharia, Raniganj, and Bokaro are important coalfields.
🌟Petroleum
- It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery, and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries.
- Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertilizer, and numerous chemical industries.
- Mumbai High, Gujarat, and Assam are major petroleum production areas in India.
🌟Natural Gas
- Natural gas is an important clean energy resource. It is considered an environment-friendly fuel.
- The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas.
- Compressed Natural Gas (CNG ) is used in vehicles to replace liquid fuels.
- Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin
🌟Electricity
Electricity is generated mainly in 2 ways:
- Running water drives hydro turbines to generate electricity. Hydroelectricity is a renewable resource of energy. India has several multi-purpose projects, such as the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley Corporation, and the Kopili Hydel Project.
- Burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas to drive turbines to produce Thermal Power. It uses non-renewable fossil fuels to generate electricity.
Non-Conventional Sources of Energy:
- Nuclear Energy:
- Derived from altering atomic structures.
- Uses Uranium and Thorium.
- Solar Energy:
- Generated from sunlight.
- Converted into electricity via photovoltaic technology.
- Wind Power:
- Utilizes wind to produce electricity.
- Largest wind farm in Tamil Nadu.
- Biogas:
- Produced from organic waste decomposition.
- Effective using cattle dung, improves manure quality.
- Tidal Energy:
- Converts tidal movements into power.
- Ideal conditions in India’s Gulf of Khambhat and the Gangetic Delta.
- Geo-Thermal Energy:
- Generates heat and electricity from Earth’s interior.
- Harnessed in areas like Parvati Valley and Puga Valley.
Conserving Energy Resources:
Every part of our economy – agriculture, industry, transport, business, and homes – depends on energy. It’s crucial to develop sustainable energy practices. Here are some simple steps we can take to save energy:
- Use public transportation instead of individual cars.
- Turn off lights and appliances when not in use.
- Use energy-efficient devices.
- Switch to renewable energy sources like solar and wind power.
Energy Resources
Types of Energy Resources:
- Conventional Sources: include coal, petroleum, natural gas, and electricity (both hydel and thermal). All these sources have been in use for quite some time.
- Non-conventional sources: are relatively new sources as their large-scale generation has started recently. These include solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas, and atomic energy.
Conventional Sources of Energy
🌟Coal:
- Most abundant fossil fuel.
- Used for power generation, industrial energy, and domestic needs.
- Types of Coal:
- Lignite: Low-grade, high moisture content.
- Bituminous: Formed under high temperature.
- Anthracite: Highest quality.
- Major Coalfields: Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro.
🌟Petroleum:
- Provides fuel for heating, lighting, and lubricants for machinery.
- Raw material for manufacturing industries.
- Major Areas: Mumbai High, Gujarat, Assam.
🌟Natural Gas:
- Clean, environment-friendly fuel.
- Key Users: Power and fertilizer industries.
- Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for vehicles.
- Major Reserves: Krishna-Godavari basin.
🌟Electricity:
- Generated by two main methods:
- Hydro Electricity: Using water (Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley Corporation, Kopili Hydel Project).
- Thermal Power: Using coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
🌟Nuclear Energy:
- Derived from altering atomic structures.
- Uses Uranium and Thorium.
🌟Solar Energy:
- Produced from sunlight.
- Converted via photovoltaic technology.
🌟Wind Power:
- Generated using wind turbines.
- Largest wind farm cluster in Tamil Nadu.
🌟Biogas:
- Produced from decomposing organic waste.
- Efficient use of cattle dung improves manure quality.
🌟Tidal Energy:
- Converts tidal movements into power.
- Ideal Locations: Gulf of Khambhat, Gulf of Kachchh, Gangetic Delta.
🌟Geo-Thermal Energy:
- Produced from Earth’s internal heat.
- Harnessed in Parvati Valley and Puga Valley.
Describe any three characteristics of the drug-Bastar-Chandrapur iron belt in India Class 10
Any three characteristics of the drug – Baster-Chandrapur iron belt in India are-
Location: The Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur iron-ore belt is located in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra.
Quality of Ore: This region is known for its high-grade hematite ores, particularly in the Bailadila range of hills in Bastar district, Chhattisgarh.
Export: The iron ore extracted from this belt is transported to countries like Japan and South Korea through the Vishakhapatnam port.
Thank you for reading! We hope you found this post “Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Notes – Minerals And Energy Resources” informative and engaging. Until next time, keep exploring ncertlearn.in and keep learning.
Keywords: class 10 geography chapter 5 notes, geography chapter 5 class 10 notes, class 10 chapter 5 geography notes, geography class 10 chapter 5 notes