Have you ever wondered how the products we use every day come to be? From our smartphones to the clothes we wear, manufacturing plays an essential role in our lives. But what goes on behind the scenes of these bustling industries? Here we have provided you with Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Notes -Manufacturing Industries based on the new CBSE syllabus.
Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Notes – Manufacturing Industries
🌟Manufacturing is a critical process that involves producing goods in large quantities by transforming raw materials into more valuable products. It forms the backbone of the secondary sector, converting basic resources into finished goods. This article explores the importance of manufacturing industries in India, the factors influencing industry location, types of industries, and environmental implications.
Importance of Manufacturing Industries in India
Manufacturing plays a crucial role in strengthening India’s economy through modernization and job creation. Here’s how:
- Supports Agricultural Modernization: Manufacturing helps reduce India’s dependence on agriculture by creating employment opportunities in non-agricultural sectors. This diversification allows rural workers to find jobs in industries, reducing pressure on farmland.
- Increases National Income and Employment: Industries generate substantial income and provide millions of job opportunities, significantly raising the living standards across the country.
- Boosts Exports and Foreign Exchange: Manufactured goods make up a large portion of India’s exports, which in turn brings foreign exchange into the country. This currency inflow helps strengthen India’s economic position globally.
- Promotes National Prosperity: Industrial development stimulates growth in other sectors and contributes to overall economic prosperity.
Interdependence of Agriculture and Industry in India
Agriculture and industry are mutually beneficial sectors:
- Supply of Raw Materials: Agro-industries, such as the cotton textile sector, rely on agriculture for raw materials. In turn, industries provide essential agricultural inputs like fertilizers, irrigation pumps, and tools, enhancing productivity.
- Development of Transportation: Improved transport infrastructure allows farmers to access necessary inputs and facilitates trade of agricultural produce, boosting both sectors.
Key Factors Influencing the Location of Industries
Industries choose locations based on several critical factors that impact operational efficiency and profitability:
- Availability of Raw Materials: Proximity to abundant and affordable raw materials reduces transportation costs, making production more efficient.
- Labor Supply: Access to affordable labor is essential to keeping production costs low, making regions with a large workforce ideal for setting up industries.
- Continuous Power Supply: Reliable and economical power is essential for manufacturing operations, which often require heavy machinery and long working hours.
- Capital and Infrastructure: Investment in infrastructure, including transportation and banking facilities, supports the smooth functioning of industries.
- Government Policies: Favorable policies, including subsidies and tax incentives, attract industrial investment to specific regions.
Classification of Industries
Industries in India can be classified based on several criteria, including raw materials, scale of investment, ownership, and the nature of goods produced.
- Source of Raw Materials:
- Agro-Based Industries: Rely on agricultural products like cotton, jute, and sugarcane. Examples include the textile and edible oil industries.
- Mineral-Based Industries: Utilize minerals like iron, coal, and limestone. Examples include the iron and steel and petrochemical industries.
- Role in the Economy:
- Basic Industries: Provide essential materials for other industries, such as iron and steel.
- Consumer Industries: Produce goods directly for consumer use, like food processing.
- Scale of Investment:
- Large-scale industries: Require investments of over one crore rupees, such as the iron and steel industry.
- Small-Scale Industries: Require investments under one crore rupees, often specializing in handicrafts or localized production.
- Ownership:
- Public Sector: Owned by the government, e.g., BHEL, SAIL.
- Private Sector: Owned by individuals or groups, e.g., Tata Steel.
- Joint Sector: Collaboration between government and private entities, e.g., Oil India Ltd.
- Cooperative Sector: Owned and operated collectively by producers or workers, such as cooperative sugar mills.
- Bulk and Weight:
- Heavy Industries: Deal with heavy raw materials and products, e.g., steel manufacturing.
- Light Industries: Handle lighter materials, like electronics manufacturing.
Overview of Major Indian Industries
🌟Textile Industry
The textile industry holds a unique place in India’s economy, contributing 14% to industrial production and employing over 35 million people. This industry is self-sufficient, with an integrated value chain from raw cotton to finished fabric. Concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat, the industry benefits from abundant cotton, a humid climate, well-developed transport, and access to ports. Challenges include irregular power supply, outdated machinery, and competition from synthetic fiber producers.
🌟Jute Industry
Primarily situated along the Hooghly River, the jute industry benefits from proximity to jute-producing areas, inexpensive water transport, and abundant labor from nearby states. Kolkata serves as a major urban center with port facilities, aiding in the jute industry’s success.
🌟Sugar Industry
The sugar industry processes sugarcane, a perishable crop that must be converted to sugar within 24 hours of harvest. Due to the crop’s bulkiness, sugar mills are typically located close to sugarcane fields. Recently, the industry has shifted towards the southern and western states, where sugarcane has higher sucrose content and growing seasons are longer.
🌟Iron and Steel Industry
Centered around the Chhotanagpur Plateau, the iron and steel industry benefits from locally mined iron ore, affordable labor, access to markets, and an efficient transport network. The availability of thermal and hydropower also supports large-scale steel production.
Environmental Impact and Industrial Pollution
Industrial activities often lead to environmental pollution, which can be broadly categorized as follows:
- Air Pollution: Factories release smoke and airborne particulate matter, contaminating the air and harming public health.
- Water Pollution: Chemicals, detergents, and heavy metals from industrial discharge pollute water bodies, affecting aquatic ecosystems and human health.
- Noise Pollution: Industrial machinery generates high noise levels, which can increase stress and blood pressure among nearby residents.
- Land Pollution: Disposal of solid industrial waste can degrade land quality, affecting agriculture and local communities.
- Thermal Pollution: Waste from nuclear plants and other facilities raises the temperature of nearby water bodies, impacting aquatic life.
Strategies for Pollution Control
To address pollution, industries can adopt measures to reduce environmental damage:
- Air Pollution Control: Installing electrostatic precipitators and scrubbers in factories helps capture particulate emissions. Using cleaner fuels like gas instead of coal can further reduce emissions.
- Water Pollution Control: Industries can minimize water usage through recycling and reuse. Treating hot water and effluents before discharge into water bodies ensures harmful substances are removed.
- Noise Control: Fitting machinery with silencers and locating factories away from residential areas can reduce noise pollution.
- Land and Waste Management: Recycling waste and managing ash from power plants through green belts helps maintain ecological balance.
National Thermal Power Corporation’s Environmental Initiatives
The National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) has implemented proactive steps to protect the environment, including:
- Advanced Equipment: Upgrading machinery to reduce pollution.
- Waste Minimization: Maximizing ash utilization and recycling industrial by-products.
- Ecological Monitoring: Using online data management for environmental oversight across NTPC facilities.
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